Thursday 27 November 2014

C# Basic Concept and Tutorial

Static Classes

A class can be declared static, which indicates that it contains only static members. It is not possible to use the new keyword to create instances of a static class. Static classes are loaded automatically by the .NET Framework common language runtime (CLR) when the program or namespace that contains the class is loaded.
Use a static class to contain methods that are not associated with a particular object. For example, it is a common requirement to create a set of methods that do not act on instance data and are not associated to a specific object in your code. You could use a static class to hold those methods.
Following are the main features of a static class:
·         They only contain static members.
·         They cannot be instantiated.
·         They are sealed.
·         They cannot contain Instance Constructors (C# Programming Guide).
Creating a static class is therefore basically the same as creating a class that contains only static members and a private constructor. A private constructor prevents the class from being instantiated.
The advantage of using a static class is that the compiler can check to make sure that no instance members are accidentally added. The compiler will guarantee that instances of this class cannot be created.
Static classes are sealed and therefore cannot be inherited. They cannot inherit from any class except Object. Static classes cannot contain an instance constructor; however, they can have a static constructor. For more information

Static Members

A static method, field, property, or event is callable on a class even when no instance of the class has been created. If any instances of the class are created, they cannot be used to access the static member. Only one copy of static fields and events exists, and static methods and properties can only access static fields and static events. Static members are often used to represent data or calculations that do not change in response to object state; for example, a math library might contain static methods for calculating sine and cosine.
Static methods can be overloaded but not overridden.
Static class members are declared by using the static keyword before the return type of the member, for example:


Public keyword

The public keyword is an access modifier for types and type members. Public access is the most permissive access level. There are no restrictions on accessing public members, as in this example:
class SampleClass
{
    public int x; // No access restrictions.
}

Protected keyword

The protected keyword is a member access modifier. A protected member is accessible within its class and by derived classes. For a comparison of protected with the other access modifiers, see Accessibility Levels.
A protected member of a base class is accessible in a derived class only if the access occurs through the derived class type. For example, consider the following code segment:

class A
{
    protected int x = 123;
}

class B : A
{
    static void Main()
    {
        A a = new A();
        B b = new B();

        // Error CS1540, because x can only be accessed by
        // classes derived from A.
        // a.x = 10;
       
        // OK, because this class derives from A.
        b.x = 10;  
    }
}
The statement a.x =10 generates an error because A is not derived from B.
Struct members cannot be protected because the struct cannot be inherited.

Internal keyword

The internal keyword is an access modifier for types and type members. Internal types or members are accessible only within files in the same assembly, as in this example:
public class BaseClass
{
    // Only accessible within the same assembly
    internal static int x = 0;
}

Private keyword
The private keyword is a member access modifier. Private access is the least permissive access level. Private members are accessible only within the body of the class or the struct in which they are declared, as in this example:
class Employee
{
    private int i;
    double d;   // private access by default
}

In this example, the Employee class contains two private data members, name and salary. As private members, they cannot be accessed except by member methods. Public methods named GetName and Salary are added to allow controlled access to the private members. The name member is accessed by way of a public method, and the salary member is accessed by way of a public read-only property
// private_keyword.cs
using System;
class Employee
{
    private string name = "FirstName, LastName";
    private double salary = 100.0;

    public string GetName()
    {
        return name;
    }

    public double Salary
    {
        get { return salary; }
    }
}

class MainClass
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Employee e = new Employee();

        // The data members are inaccessible (private), so
        // then can't be accessed like this:
        //    string n = e.name;
        //    double s = e.salary;

        // 'name' is indirectly accessed via method:
        string n = e.GetName();

        // 'salary' is indirectly accessed via property
        double s = e.Salary;
    }
}

Accessibility Levels

Use the access modifiers, public, protected, internal, or private, to specify one of the following declared accessibilities for members.
Declared accessibility
Meaning
public
Access is not restricted.
protected
Access is limited to the containing class or types derived from the containing class.
internal
Access is limited to the current assembly.
protectedinternal
Access is limited to the current assembly or types derived from the containing class.
private
Access is limited to the containing type.


Properties

Properties are members that provide a flexible mechanism to read, write, or compute the values of private fields. Properties can be used as if they are public data members, but they are actually special methods called accessors. This enables data to be accessed easily and still helps promote the safety and flexibility of methods.
In this example, the TimePeriod class stores a time period. Internally the class stores the time in seconds, but a property named Hours enables a client to specify a time in hours. The accessors for the Hours property perform the conversion between hours and seconds.
class TimePeriod
  private double seconds;
    public double Hours
    {
        get { return seconds / 3600; }
        set { seconds = value * 3600; }
    }
}
class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        TimePeriod t = new TimePeriod();
        // Assigning the Hours property causes the 'set' accessor to be called.
        t.Hours = 24;
        // Evaluating the Hours property causes the 'get' accessor to be called.
        System.Console.WriteLine("Time in hours: " + t.Hours);
    }
}

Properties Overview

·         Properties enable a class to expose a public way of getting and setting values, while hiding implementation or verification code.
·         A get property accessor is used to return the property value, and a set accessor is used to assign a new value. These accessors can have different access levels. For more informationThe value keyword is used to define the value being assigned by the set indexer.
·         Properties that do not implement a set method are read only.
·         For simple properties that require no custom accessor code, consider the option of using auto-implemented properties. For more information

Remarks

Properties can be marked as public, private, protected, internal, or protected internal. These access modifiers define how users of the class can access the property. The get and set accessors for the same property may have different access modifiers. For example, the get may be public to allow read-only access from outside the type, and the set may be private or protected. For more informationA property may be declared as a static property by using the static keyword. This makes the property available to callers at any time, even if no instance of the class exists. For more information
A property may be marked as a virtual property by using the virtual keyword. This enables derived classes to override the property behavior by using the override keyword. For more information about these
A property overriding a virtual property can also be sealed, specifying that for derived classes it is no longer virtual. Lastly, a property can be declared abstract. This means that there is no implementation in the class, and derived classes must write their own implementation.

Enum

The enum keyword is used to declare an enumeration, a distinct type that consists of a set of named constants called the enumerator list. Every enumeration type has an underlying type, which can be any integral type except char. The default underlying type of the enumeration elements is int. By default, the first enumerator has the value 0, and the value of each successive enumerator is increased by 1. For example:

enum Days {Sat, Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri};

In this enumeration, Sat is 0, Sun is 1, Mon is 2, and so forth. Enumerators can have initializers to override the default values. For example:

enum Days {Sat=1, Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri};
In this enumeration, the sequence of elements is forced to start from 1 instead of 0.
To declare an enum of another integral type, such as byte, use a colon after the identifier followed by the type:

enum Days { Sat, Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri };
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(Days.Fri);
            Days d = new Days();
            d = Days.Wed;
            Console.WriteLine(d);
            Console.WriteLine((int)Days.Sat);//Convert enum to int
         
        }
    }

this keyword


The this keyword refers to the current instance of the class and is also used as a modifier of the first parameter of an extension method.
class this_demo
    {
        int roll;
        string name;
        public this_demo(int roll, string name)
        {
            this.roll = roll;
            this.name = name;
        }
    }
Static member functions, because they exist at the class level and not as part of an object, do not have a this pointer. It is an error to refer to this in a static method.

Indexers

Indexers are a syntactic convenience that enables you to create a class, struct, or interface that client applications can access just as an array. Indexers are most frequently implemented in types whose primary purpose is to encapsulate an internal collection or array. For example, suppose you have a class named TempRecord that represents the temperature in Farenheit as recorded at 10 different times during a 24 hour period. The class contains an array named "temps" of type float to represent the temperatures, and a DateTime that represents the date the temperatures were recorded. By implementing an indexer in this class, clients can access the temperatures in a TempRecord instance as float temp = tr[4] instead of as float temp = tr.temps[4]. The indexer notation not only simplifies the syntax for client applications; it also makes the class and its purpose more intuitive for other developers to understand.
class TempRecord
{
    // Array of temperature values
    private float[] temps = new float[10] { 56.2F, 56.7F, 56.5F, 56.9F, 58.8F, 61.3F, 65.9F, 62.1F, 59.2F, 57.5F };
}
To declare an indexer on a class or struct, use the this keyword, as in this example:
class indexer_demo
    {
        int[] rate = new int[5];
        public int this[int index]
        {
            set
            {
                rate[index] = value;
            }
            get
            {
                return rate[index];
            }
        }
        public int Length
        {
            get { return rate.Length; }
        }
    }
class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            indexer_demo ob = new indexer_demo();
            for (int i = 0; i < ob.Length; i++)
                ob[i] = i + 1;
            for (int i = 0; i < ob.Length; i++)
                Console.WriteLine(ob[i]);
         
        }
    }
Abstract Classes
The abstract keyword enables you to create classes and class members solely for the purpose of inheritance—to define features of derived, non-abstract classes. The sealed keyword enables you to prevent the inheritance of a class or certain class members that were previously marked virtual.
Classes can be declared as abstract. This is accomplished by putting the keyword abstract before the keyword class in the class definition. For example:
abstract class Abstract_demo
    {
        public void show_abstract()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("This is Abstract Class");
        }
    }
    class Inherit : Abstract_demo
    {
        public void show_derive()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("I am drive class function");
        }
    }
class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Inherit ob = new Inherit();
            ob.show_abstract();
            ob.show_derive();
        }
    }
An abstract class cannot be instantiated. The purpose of an abstract class is to provide a common definition of a base class that multiple derived classes can share. For example, a class library may define an abstract class that is used as a parameter to many of its functions, and require programmers using that library to provide their own implementation of the class by creating a derived class.
Abstract methods
Abstract classes may also define abstract methods. This is accomplished by adding the keyword abstract before the return type of the method. For example:
abstract class Abstract_demo
    {
        public void show_abstract()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("This is Abstract Class");
        }
        abstract public void abstract_method();
       
    }
    class Inherit : Abstract_demo
    {
        public void show_derive()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("I am drive class function");
        }
        public override void abstract_method()//Implementation
        {
            Console.WriteLine("I am implementing abstract method");
        }
    }
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Inherit ob = new Inherit();
            ob.show_abstract();
            ob.show_derive();
            ob.abstract_method();
        }
    }
Abstract methods have no implementation, so the method definition is followed by a semicolon instead of a normal method block. Derived classes of the abstract class must implement all abstract methods with override keyword putting in abstract function signature in implementation
Base keyword
The base keyword is used to access members of the base class from within a derived class:
·         Call a method on the base class that has been overridden by another method.
·         Specify which base-class constructor should be called when creating instances of the derived class.
A base class access is permitted only in a constructor, an instance method, or an instance property accessor.
It is an error to use the base keyword from within a static method.
// keywords_base.cs
// Accessing base class members
using System;
public class Person
{
    protected string ssn = "444-55-6666";
    protected string name = "John L. Malgraine";

    public virtual void GetInfo()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}", name);
        Console.WriteLine("SSN: {0}", ssn);
    }
}
class Employee : Person
{
    public string id = "ABC567EFG";
    public override void GetInfo()
    {
        // Calling the base class GetInfo method:
        base.GetInfo();
        Console.WriteLine("Employee ID: {0}", id);
    }
}

class TestClass
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Employee E = new Employee();
        E.GetInfo();
    }
}
Constructor Inheritance
This example shows how to specify the base-class constructor called when creating instances of a derived class.
public class BaseClass
    {
        int num;

        public BaseClass()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("in BaseClass()");
        }

        public BaseClass(int i)
        {
            num = i;
            Console.WriteLine("in BaseClass(int i)");
        }

        public int get_num
        {
            get { return num; }
        }
    }
public class DerivedClass : BaseClass
   {
       // This constructor will call BaseClass.BaseClass()
       public DerivedClass() : base()
       {
       }

       // This constructor will call BaseClass.BaseClass(int i)
       public DerivedClass(int i)       : base(i)
       {
       } 
      
   }
class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            DerivedClass md = new DerivedClass();
            DerivedClass md1 = new DerivedClass(1);
        }
    }
The virtual keyword is used to modify a method, property, indexer, or event declaration and allow for it to be overridden in a derived class. For example, this method can be overridden by any class that inherits it:
The implementation of a virtual member can be changed by an overriding member in a derived class.
Remarks
When a virtual method is invoked, the run-time type of the object is checked for an overriding member. The overriding member in the most derived class is called, which might be the original member, if no derived class has overridden the member.
By default, methods are non-virtual. You cannot override a non-virtual method.
You cannot use the virtual modifier with the static, abstract, private, or override modifiers.
Virtual
public class Dimensions
    {
        public const double PI = Math.PI;
        protected double x, y;
        public Dimensions()
        {
        }
        public Dimensions(double x, double y)
        {
            this.x = x;
            this.y = y;
        }

        public virtual double Area()
        {
            return x * y;
        }
    }
    public class Circle : Dimensions
    {
        public Circle(double r) : base(r, 0)
        {
        }

        public override double Area()
        {
            return PI * x * x;
        }
    }
    class Sphere : Dimensions
    {
        public Sphere(double r): base(r, 0)
        {
        }

        public override double Area()
        {
            return 4 * PI * x * x;
        }
    }
    class Cylinder : Dimensions
    {
        public Cylinder(double r, double h) : base(r, h)
        {
        }

        public override double Area()
        {
            return 2 * PI * x * x + 2 * PI * x * y;
        }
    }

   class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            double r = 3.0, h = 5.0;
            Dimensions c = new Circle(r);
            Dimensions s = new Sphere(r);
            Dimensions l = new Cylinder(r, h);
            // Display results:
            Console.WriteLine("Area of Circle   = {0:F2}", c.Area());
            Console.WriteLine("Area of Sphere   = {0:F2}", s.Area());
            Console.WriteLine("Area of Cylinder = {0:F2}", l.Area());

        }
    }
Limiting Extensibility by Sealing Classes
You can use sealing to limit the ways in which developers can extend your framework. When you seal a class, other classes cannot inherit from it. When you seal a member, derived classes cannot override the implementation of the member. You should not seal types and members by default. Sealing prevents customization of library types and members, and impacts the perception of usability for some developers. In addition, extensibility is one of the fundamental benefits of using an object-oriented framework. You should carefully weigh decisions that restrict this benefit.
When applied to a class, the sealed modifier prevents other classes from inheriting from it
sealed class base_class
    {
        public void show_base()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("This is sealed class");
        }
    }

You can also use the sealed modifier on a method or property that overrides a virtual method or property in a base class. This enables you to allow classes to derive from your class and prevent them from overriding specific virtual methods or properties
class test
    {
      
        public virtual void overrride_fun()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Derive can override me");
        }
    }
    class platform : test
    {
        sealed public override void overrride_fun()
        {
            base.overrride_fun();
            Console.Write("With base and derive added code");
        }
    }

    class attemt : platform
    {
        //This function can not be override because its sealed in parent class
        //public override void overrride_fun()
        //{
        //    Console.WriteLine("New cod efor override");
        //}

    }

Delegates
Any method from any accessible class or struct that matches the delegate's signature, which consists of the return type and parameters, can be assigned to the delegate. The method can be either static or an instance method. This makes it possible to programmatically change method calls, and also plug new code into existing classes. As long as you know the signature of the delegate, you can assign your own delegated method.
Any method from any accessible class or struct that matches the delegate's signature, which consists of the return type and parameters, can be assigned to the delegate. The method can be either static or an instance method. This makes it possible to programmatically change method calls, and also plug new code into existing classes. As long as you know the signature of the delegate, you can assign your own delegated method.
Example
A delegate is a type that safely encapsulates a method, similar to a function pointer in C and C++. Unlike C function pointers, delegates are object-oriented, type safe, and secure. The type of a delegate is defined by the name of the delegate
delegate void mydelegate();
delegate int mathref(int a,int b);
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{

    class demo
    {
        int a, b;
        public demo(int a, int b)
        {
            this.a = a;
            this.b = b;
        }
        public void add()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Result of addition is " + a + b);
        }
        public int multi(int m, int n)
        {
            return m * n;
        }
    }
    class mathdemo
    {
        public int add(int x, int y)
        {
            return x + y;
        }
        public int sub(int i,int j)
        {
            return i-j;
        }
    }     

   class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            demo ob = new demo(5,5);
            mydelegate d = ob.add;
            mathref mob = ob.multi;
            d();
            Console.WriteLine("multi Function of class demo using delegate result is " + mob(11, 22));
            mathdemo mathob = new mathdemo();
            mob = mathob.add;
            Console.WriteLine("add Function of class mathdemo using delegate result is " + mob(10, 20));
            mob = mathob.sub;
            Console.WriteLine("sub Function of class mathdemo using delegate result is " + mob(100, 20));

        }
    }
}

Interface
An interface contains only the signatures of methods, delegates or events. The implementation of the methods is done in the class that implements the interface
Remarks
An interface can be a member of a namespace or a class and can contain signatures of the following members:
·        Methods
·        Properties
·        Indexers
·        Events
An interface can inherit from one or more base interfaces.
When a base type list contains a base class and interfaces, the base class must come first in the list.
A class that implements an interface can explicitly implement members of that interface. An explicitly implemented member cannot be accessed through a class instance, but only through an instance of the interface.
interface interface_1
    {
        void method1();
    }
    interface myinterface
    {
        void fun1();
    }
    class implement_interface : myinterface,interface_1 //implement multiple inheritance like structure
    {
        public void fun1()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("I am myinterface function implement by implement_interface class");
        }
        public void method1()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("I am interface_1 function implement by implement_interface class");
        }
    }
Interface Inheritance Interface
An interface can inherit another interface. It is responsibility of derive class to implement all inherited interface methods otherwise an error will occurred
interface interface_1
    {
        void method1();
    }
    interface inteface_2
    {
        void method2();
    }
    interface myinterface : interface_1,inteface_2
    {
        void fun1();
    }
    class implement_interface : myinterface
    {
        public void fun1()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("I am myinterface function implement by implement_interface class");
        }
        public void method1()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("I am interface_1 function implement by implement_interface class");
        }
        public void method2()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("I am interface_2 function implement by implement_interface class");
        }
    }
class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {

            implement_interface ob = new implement_interface();
            ob.fun1();
            ob.method1();
            ob.method2();
        }
    }
Explicit Interface Implementation
If a class implements two interfaces that contain a member with the same signature, then implementing that member on the class will cause both interfaces to use that member as their implementation

If the two interface members do not perform the same function, however, this can lead to an incorrect implementation of one or both of the interfaces. It is possible to implement an interface member explicitly—creating a class member that is only called through the interface, and is specific to that interface. This is accomplished by naming the class member with the name of the interface and a period
interface IControl
{
    void Paint();
}
interface ISurface
{
    void Paint();
}
public class SampleClass : IControl, ISurface
{
    void IControl.Paint()
    {
        System.Console.WriteLine("IControl.Paint");
    }
    void ISurface.Paint()
    {
        System.Console.WriteLine("ISurface.Paint");
    }
}
class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
SampleClass obj = new SampleClass();
//obj.Paint();  // Compiler error.

IControl c = (IControl)obj;
c.Paint();  // Calls IControl.Paint on SampleClass.

ISurface s = (ISurface)obj;
s.Paint(); // Calls ISurface.Paint on SampleClass.
 }
}



No comments:

Post a Comment